Nagorno-Karabakh has long been regarded as a flashpoint in the heart of the South Caucasus, representing the biggest threat to security and stability in the region. The heavy fighting that broke out between Armenia and Azerbaijan in early April was the most serious escalation since a ceasefire was negotiated in 1994, leaving dozens of Azerbaijanis and Armenians, including civilians, dead. Negotiations on a settlement, under the auspices of the OSCE-Minsk Group, have so far failed to yield any significant progress. This Policy Dialogue focused on why the recent escalation happened, along with its impact and likely consequences. It also looked at the impact of regional crises - the annexation of Crimea and war in Eastern Ukraine, as well as the war in Syria - on the conflict, and the role of the international community. Special focus was placed on the role and policy of the EU towards the conflict and what more could be done to support efforts to bring about a solution to Karabakh.